Environmental lab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Environmental lab - Assignment Example In order to collect relevant data for analysis, I accessed the MUSE lab where I studied the introduction of the Zebra and Quagga to North America’s fresh water lake by a ship. Through the observation of the animations in the lab, I was able to establish a trend of increase in Zebra and Quagga and decrease of other organisms’ population. This is achievable by clicking on the duration bar at the bottom and then reading changes in quantity of other ecosystem occupiers, and then I recorded. From the above results, it is seen that at 3, 7 and 10 the population of the Zebra and Quagga have been increasing since their introduction to a new ecosystem. It is because their main source of food is in abundant. The increase population overstretches Phytoplankton and this contributed to the decline in the population of Zebra and Quagga in the subsequent years. The implication is a common trend of the entire organism below the food chain decreasing. And, this indicates that there is instability in the ecosystem, as a result, of intruders, Zebra and

The Story of Amy Tan Essay Example for Free

The Story of Amy Tan Essay The story about Amy Tans mothers effort to converse in effective English with people in spite of her broken or fractured English is in fact very common. I think many immigrants face this problem. As they come from a different background their way of thinking results into different Englishes. America has the most number of Englishes of the world as you can find people from all over the world here. I have seen people who dont take other people seriously who speak Broken English or in a certain accent. People use different Englishes everywhere; Spanish people have Spanglish, which is a combination of Spanish and English, Indian people have Hinglish, which is combination of English with Hindi the native language of India and so on. English is a universal language it is spoken slightly different everywhere which causes people to have a tint of background in their English. Why shouldnt people have their own tint of background in their English? People from different countries have different culture, way of thinking and even accents which adds the tint of background in their English. There is no doubt English is going to be spoken differently around the world. English is not only spoken but also written in some cases differently around the world. Such as the word Color Asians and British would spell it as Colour. As a matter of fact, even the MS Word Spell Check has it highlighted it as this is an American Software and Americans dont spell it like that. The word Schedule is pronounced as Sheadule. If everyone was speaking the same English there wouldnt be any difference if you are from England, China or any other part of the world. Everyone would sound the same and would have the same ideology. The diversity in English is in fact a good thing it shows ones cultural background and adds uniqueness to every country. So its fine to have tint of background in your English. These tints in English develop different accents all over the world. Not only all over the world but also in America. There are different accents such as the people from Southern states have different accent than people from the Northern. Not matter the accent English is still communicable and can avoid language conflicts. Language conflicts occur when there is no common language of communication or in other words when there are people speaking different languages and not everyone is aware of each others language. My friends family is very secular it consists of Hindus, Muslims and Portuguese. There are about three different spoken languages. To avoid any language conflicts they use a common language such as English so that everyone can understand each other. There are some people who get affected by difference in English; they are usually students from other countries studying in American Schools. These students often struggle with grades in English in American Schools, which is due to different Englishes. Amy Tan talks about how she struggled with grades in English and got by easily in Math and Science. This is true in the case of Asians as they have natural inclination towards technical subjects. The worlds leading Electronic and IT companies are loaded with Asians due to their natural ability. Asians in American Schools are usually steered away from writing towards Math and Science, which is why there arent many Asians Americans representing American literature. Amy Tan was a victim of such steering towards math and science. Amy Tan was told by her former boss that English writing was not her best skill and she should hone her talents towards account management. But she took all of the disproving assumptions that people made of her in a rebellious way and she over came it and succeeded. Its very annoying when people judge you by your background. As in the case of Amy Tan having Chinese background she was steered towards math and science in spite of her liking towards English writing. My following story is similar in a sense that I was also judged by my background rather than my capabilities. I had just moved from India to Canada and was hit with some irrelevant judgments that people made of me due to my background. The first impression that I got from Canadians was that they werent aware that Indians were able to converse in fluent English as they can. I saw that people were trying to talk to me in a way that I would understand them as if I didnt know English. I immediately informed them I can very well converse in the same English that they speak. I was shocked due to peoples lack of knowledge about third world countries. Its just said that English is our second language, but as a matter of fact English was taught to us before than our own language. Although we lea rned our own language since birth, but we really started reading and writing our own language from grade 3. Whereas we started reading and writing English from Kindergarten level. My classmates in Canada used to ask me whether we do Computer Programming in our own language since English is not our first language to which I replied; Absolutely not, we use the same English as you do, it might be a little different the way we use it but its the same language. I was truly amazed by the lack of awareness that people have about countries where the first language is not English. I had to prove a point that people can be well acquainted with English even if their first language is not English. Like Amy Tan I didnt exactly have any kind of shame in my story, as she feels a sense of shame and pride in her story. She feels shame because of her mothers broken English and pride as its because of her she is a renowned writer; its because of her she became rebellious in her life, wanting to accomplish something, prove something! And she succeeded in her life she achieved what she wanted to achieve. Although, I did have some pride in my story as I managed to change lot of peoples opinion and made good friends for life and had one of the greatest time of my life in Canada. I would conclude by saying that although English is diversified around the world due to language attitudes, difference in accent, background, Englishes or even unawareness to some extent, Its still the most communicable or reachable language in the world. I feel English is more or less like cooking; the taste of the same food differs from region to region and every region adds its own flavor to it.

A New Beauty Plastic Surgery Media Essay

A New Beauty Plastic Surgery Media Essay The human desire to appear attractive has been universal ever since mankind can remember. People have been looking for the secret of beauty and youth throughout history and in all parts of the world. Both men and women went through many things to perfect their beauty. Many people consider the desire to be beautiful as a universal issue, but what is often overlooked is that the definition of beauty is always different. Beauty in a way depends on where and when a person is. Since beauty is only a matter of what is beautiful in the eye of the beholder, it depends on one s culture and socialization. The progress in plastic surgery, like in most of the medical discoveries, has grown enormously for hundreds of years. It was not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that the specialty forged ahead scientifically. Because of the awful injuries it often inflicted on its participants, war was the driving force behind most plastic surgery developments during the late 1800s and early 1900 s. In fact it was the war that catapulted plastic surgery into a new and higher realm. Cosmetic plastic surgery is performed in order to change one s appearance and opinions and ideas of it have never stopped growing as well. Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. For some, it may mean redesigning the body s contour and shape, the elimination of wrinkles, or eliminating balding areas.. While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic surgery also includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. The word plastic derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mould or to shape; not because of its use of plastic in any way. Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures; congenital abnormalities; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance. The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women increased in 2007 by 2 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men also increased in 2007 by 7 percent. Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent. Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Free flaps of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter. Aesthetic plastic surgery involves techniques intended for the enhancement of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal. In 2006, nearly 11 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business.[7] Because human beings have always sought out self-fulfillment through self-improvement, plastic surgery may be one of the world s best solution for this universal problem. According to the Plastic Surgery Information Service, there is written medical evidence that cites medical treatment for facial injuries for over 4000 years. Physicians, in ancient India, were utilizing skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as 800 BC. Furthermore, the driving force behind most plastic surgery development was to repair awful and quite serious war injuries in the 1900 s. There were shattered jaws and blown off noses which required innovative restorative procedures. There was much good news to report to the American people in the post war days of the 1950. As with other areas of science and medicine, plastic surgery discoveries were happening at break-neck speeds, often derived from innovations tested in hospitals of Korea. Cosmetic surgery took off here after South Korea s spectacular recovery from its currency crisis a few decades ago. Rising living standards allowed ever-growing numbers of men and women to get the wider eyes, whiter skin and higher nose bridges that define beauty for many here. Improved looks were even seen as providing an edge in this high-pressure society s intense competition for jobs, education and marriage partners. But turmoil coursing through the financial world and then into the global economy has hit South Korea hard, as it has many middle-income countries. The downturn drove down the stock market and the currency by a third or more last year, and the resulting anxiety forced many South Koreans to change their habits. In hard times, people always cut back on luxuries like eating out, jewelry and plastic sur gery, said one plastic surgeon, Park Hyun, who has seen the number of his patients drop sharply. If this is a normal recession, then these desires will eventually get reignited, and our patients will come back. It is hard to measure the exact size of the industry here or the extent of the current downturn because no one keeps exact figures. From a luxury limited to the wealthy a decade ago plastic surgery has become so common that an estimated 30 percent of Korean women aged 20 to 50, or some 2.4 million women, had surgical or nonsurgical cosmetic procedures last year, with many having more than one procedure. That compares with 11.7 million cosmetic procedures performed last year in the United States, according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, meaning that the number of procedures in America is 4.9 times the number in South Korea, though the United States population is more than six times larger. As the 1960 s began, plastic surgery became even more prominent in the minds of the American public as the scope of procedures performed by surgeons increased, along with many scientific developments. A new substance, silicone, began to emerge as an important tool for doctors. Silicone was initially used to treat skin imperfections and is now overly used as a breast implant device. All parts of the human body, it seemed, could benefit from the skill of the plastic surgeon to perfect the body. Liposuction and breast augmentation are the two most frequently requested cosmetic surgery procedures. Liposuction is a process where fat is sucked out of the body while doctors insert large amounts of salt water, lidocaine, and epinephrine into tissue. These drugs reduce blood loss and provide an anestheis. Various cosmetic surgeries including the facelift, necklift, tummy tuck, and arm and thigh lift surgeries require liposuction. Plastic surgeons say that liposuction is quite safe. But resear chers write that liposuction can be fatal, perhaps in part because of lidocaine toxicity of lidocaine-related drug infections. But, there are more risks associated with this operation due to the fact that the fat and its surrounding tissues become dead tissue. If the fat become necrotic from the lack of blood supply the fat tends to turn orange in color and drain from the incision. If this is to occur, the patient must have the tissue removed immediately before an infection spreads. Many doctors agree that liposuction is not the way to loose weight. In actuality not much fat-weight is removed within a single procedure, nor is it safe to do. This operation is meant for people who have serious weight-related heath problems and not just to lose those few last pounds. There was a time when only Hollywood stars had their own plastic surgeon. There was also a time when own a big screen TV or belonging to a health club was an impressive status symbol. But this is a new century, and these d ays, it is not unnatural for many people to visit a plastic surgeon on occasion. As medical technologies have boomed over the past two decades, plastic surgery has made incredible advantages in both reconstructing accidental injuries and congenital deformities and in helping erase the marks, wrinkles and sags of encroaching age. Whether it is fixing a portion of the body to make it look normal or improving the normal features of the body to make it look even more aesthetically pleasing, the goal of the plastic surgeon is to help the patients to look and feel good about him or herself. It has seen an amazing growth in popularity in recent years. These days men and women discuss having nose jobs, facelifts, and tummy tucks as if it was normal everyday activity. More importantly there is a rather disturbing underlying issue among us: Why is our society conducting such surgery in the first place? It seems now as we turn through an issue of almost every magazine we see beautiful men and women all with perfect bodies and flawless faces. The issue over Americas poor sel f esteem and body image explains why so many people are having such cosmetic surgeries; they simple do not live up to society s so-called standards. According to an article published by Today, as any good plastic surgeon will stress, plastic surgery shouldn t be done to impress others but to make you feel good about yourself. More and more people are using cosmetic surgery to improve their self-image rather that other more healthy methods to improve body image or lose weight. Instead of advertising cosmetic surgery as the simple and practical way to become beautiful, our society needs to focus on reality. Todays advertisements constantly remind us that wrinkles are now not only unacceptable signs of aging, but are rather simple manifestations that can be prevented and corrected. It seems that this millenniums fountain of youth is technological and restores youthful appearance with scientific and medical know-how. Statistics show that use of such age-defying measures is growing each year among women and men. Over the course of the twentieth century, improvements in sanitation, healthcare, and nutrition dramatically increased the average lifespan in the United States. At present, it is for the most part taken for granted that an average American will live beyond the middle years. Americans no longer focus simply on living longer; we want to live better, look better as we age. Science, medicine, and other fields aim to make this goal possible by slowing our biological clocks, fighting the diseases of age, and restoring our sense of youth. Many gerontologists and related practitioners now focus on positive aging rather than ugly concept emphasizing the problems of aging, with the goal of providing alternative representations of later life and challenging against stereotypes. Indeed, many forces are currently working to alter the experience and image of aging in order to improve what aging feels like as well as what aging looks like. Plastic surgery possesses a longer history than nonsurgical anti-aging procedures, dating back to the Renaissance at least. Initial increases in plastic surgery were primarily due to the epidemic of syphilis that occurred in Europe in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In twentieth-century America, wartime doctors used cosmetic surgery to remove the marks of battle and allow veterans to pass as the everyday citizens they had been. This practice provided legitimacy to and invoked widespread interest in the benefits of cosmetic surgery. What began as a situational medical procedure has since become a mass marketed, profit-driven industry. Todays recipients of plastic surgery undergo the procedures to pass as more sexy, fit, and desirable. In the case of and-aging surgeries, however, individuals alter their appearance to pass as younger than they are, though of course they can never actually become younger or effect a reversal of the calendar. Many critics argue that recipients of and-aging surgery rarely succeed in passing anyway?they wind up looking weird rather than young. Still, statistics show that reducing the signs of aging through cosmetic surgery has become an increasingly popular and profitable. Americans spend near $12.5 billion on cosmetic procedures in 2004 (American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2004). Of these procedures, two of the top five surgeries in each gender group specifically targeted signs of aging: eyelid surgery and facelift for women, eyelid surgery and hair transplantation for men. People ages 35-50 underwent 45 percent of total procedures, those 51-64 underwent 25 percent (ASAPS, 2004). It seems that many aging Americans believe that looking younger is looking better, and they hope to improve their self-image and enjoy more favorable social outcomes through surg ical alteration. Here, surgery passes for self improvement and a viable step in the American pursuit of happiness. Why do so many Americans feel the need to retain youthful appearances? Changes in economicand employment patterns, the rise of image-based media (TV, film, ads), and the growing significance of consumer identities each contributes to a cultural desire for youth and to negative feelings toward old age. In a capitalist culture, reflecting a youthful, vital appearance may enable workers to be identified as desirable employees and to retain their corporate value (and jobs) a little longer. Images in the media compound this perceived need to reflect youth. In the case of women, it does not require deep analysis to notice that young models and actresses outnumber middle-aged and older models and actresses in popular media. Television and film content is filled with women in their 20s and 30s blessed with beauty and romantic opportunities. Representations in lifestyle and beauty advertisements also could lead one to believe that women over the age of 40 have less of a social and romantic life and are not a part of the definition of beauty. In the past few years, talk of plastic surgery has left the privacy of the physicians office and entered the public domain. Celebrities now openly discuss procedures they have undergone. Entire television series exist around the subject of aesthetic procedures including ABCS Extreme Makeover and FiCs Nip/Tuck. Popular networks FOX, Vhi, E!, TLC, and MTV also air programs dedicated to the subject. So-called reality-based programs attempt to provide viewers with a glimpse of real people like themselves undergoing plastic surgery and suggest that anyone can do it. With increased representations of aesthetic enh ancements and new images of aging, the cultural climate has changed. Looking young is looking good, and technologically or surgically achieving a younger look is socially acceptable. Under such cultural conditions, who would want to look old, and why should one not use the technologies available to enhance his or her aging appearance? Americans do not always trust the messages of the media, but they do trust the opinions and recommendations of their healthcare providers. Physicians could tell older people that they look just fine, that a change in appearance with aging is normal and acceptable and to go home. But if they do, they may disappoint their patients or, more personally, sacrifice profit from out-of-pocket procedures and product sales. Some physicians contend that if they can help a patient feel better through aesthetic changes, it is just cause and falls within their job description. In this view, feeling better about aging is indeed aging positively, and this is the ultimate goal?even if it means changing what aging looks like. Plastic surgery has been, and always will continue to be, a controversial subject in many ways. Plastic surgery has become increasingly common today for a variety of reasons, and countless individuals are consulting cosmetic surgeons with the hopes of looking the way they have always dreamed of looking. Reconstructive surgery is a wonderful gift to those born with birth defects, or those scarred or maimed by an accident of some sort. Today however, the increasing trend of plastic surgery is leaning toward the cosmetic factor. Plastic, cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries all have an important psychological dimension in the U.S. Many people in Western societies place a great deal of importance on physical importance. Plastic surgery can effect an individual s emotional state tremendously. It is easy to have the breasts you want, to have smoother skin, to have extra fat removed from your stomach and thighs, and to have numerous other body parts augmented or amended. The physical effec ts of plastic surgery are truly amazing. Many people claim that their lives have changed for the better because of cosmetic surgical enhancements. These enhancements have restored their confidence and created a brand new self-image for them. They actually feel better, and doesn t that make it worth it? There are drawbacks, however. While reconstructive surgery gives people the chance to look what is deemed normal again, doesn t cosmetic surgery teach us that, for the most part, looks are the most important physical aspect in our society? From this aspect, the emotional effects of plastic surgery on society can be harrowing. What do you see when you look in the mirror? Do you see yourself or do you see the results of modern day surgery? Plastic surgery has given people the opportunity to change their entire appearance, and has taken the word makeover to a whole new height. It seems that everywhere you go people are using plastic surgery to change their physical appearance. Although t his may sound great, the truth behind all the hype isnt so wonderful. Many of the unfortunate few that see the downsides of plastic surgery can not do anything to fix their situation. Besides looking at the defects that plastic surgery can cause physically, you must also examine the defects of it from a moral aspect. Do you believe that it is morally right to change the body that God gave you, and to transform that into something youre not? One of the great things about the human race is that there is no one person exactly like yourself, so why do you want to throw away your ability to be who you are, to be someone your not? Finally, the most common reason to go through with this procedure is to make yourself look good, and to try to make others like you. The truth of the matter, however, is that if someone only likes you because of you bought appearance then they dont actually like you, they merely like the results of present day plastic surgery. Instead of worrying about your outside appearance you should concern yourself more with what you are like on the inside rather than what you are like on the outside. Even though plastic surgery may make you look good phy sically, you cant put a price on true beauty, the beauty that comes from within.

Irony in Kate Chopins Story of an Hour Essay -- Chopin Story of An Ho

Irony in Chopin's Story of an Hour    Irony is a useful device for giving stories many unexpected twists and turns. In Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour," irony is used as an effective literary device. Situational irony is used to show the reader that what is expected to happen sometimes doesn't. Dramatic irony is used to clue the reader in on something that is happening that the characters in the story do not know about. Irony is used throughout Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" through the use of situational irony and the use of dramatic irony. Situational irony is used in "The Story of an Hour" through Mrs. Mallard's reaction to her husband's death and the description of the settings around her at this time. Upon hearing the news of her husband's death, Mrs. Mallard "wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment" (Chopin 213). It appeared to everyone that as a result of her husband's death, Mrs. Mallard was incredibly sad. She insisted upon being alone and retreated to her room. The sort of reaction she had seems like one typical to someone who had just lost a loved one. She experienced grief and shock. However, once she is alone in her room, the reader discovers another side of her emotions. Once she calms down, she whispers "Free, free, free" (Chopin 214), and the reader realizes that she is not having a typical reaction. Instead of being saddened by the loss of her husband, Mrs. Mallard is relieved. "She saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And s he opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome" (Chopin 214). Mrs. Mallard, instead of wondering who will support her in years to come, realizes that she will have no one binding her a... ...sease - of joy that kills" (Chopin 215). While all of the characters in the story think that Mrs. Mallard died of joy, the reader of the story knows otherwise. Mrs. Mallard actually died because she was heart-broken and shocked at the reality of her husband being alive. With the news of him being alive, her plans for a free, self-sufficient future are dashed. The use of irony is integral to the plot of "The Story of and Hour" by Kate Chopin. Situational irony is used to surprise the reader and add an interesting twist to Mrs. Mallard's discovery of her husband's death. Dramatic irony is used to give the reader insight into Mrs. Mallard's situation. The use of irony serves to make the story more interesting and the ending becomes a complete surprise to the reader. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. "The Story of an Hour." New York: Penguin Books, 1984.

Gender Roles and Marriage

The representation of gender roles and marriage has always been a controversial issue. However, much can be learned about unhappy marriages when examining the roles of both females and males within the marriage. The examination of gender roles and marriage are seen through the following short stories The Story of an Hour, The Necklace, and Country Lovers, along with scholarly articles based on gender role and marriage. Evaluation of these literary works shows quite clearly that social and economic class affects choice in marriage. Gardiner’s County Lovers presents its fairly clear theme right from the beginning of the story. Yes, there is a theme of race, but if you look even deeper you can see the underlying idea of marriage and gender roles. There is a love between two people but it is forbidden due them being a part of two separate classes. In the marriage that takes place between Njabulo and Thebedi there is an absence of love. Thebedi agrees to marry Njabulo because it is what is expected of her, but this does not constitute what many see as a proper marriage. There are some prevalent gender roles expressed in this story. There is are not many females described in the story other than Thebedi, but those who are discussed always have the role of being silent, and that of a domestic worker. Thebedi is often described as being the primary care giver of her children, whereas Njabulo and Paulus are often described as holding careers outside the home. The gender roles in this story are very stereotypical. Thebedi is portrayed as being weak and helpless and she stands outside her hut while Paulus is alone with the child. She knowingly left her child alone with Paulus after he strongly expressed his dislike of the situation of her having his child. The author portrays her as being helpless and innocent but the death of her child could have been prevented if she wanted it. The point of view of this story is that of a third-person. The narrator was not involved as a character in the story, which made it harder to get involved in the story emotionally. There was little connection to the inner thoughts of Thebedi and Paulus. This made theory very limited, in that the narrator knew of the events but not of their experiences. This objective view could have been improved by connecting the reader more to the thoughts and feelings of Paulus, Thebedi and Njabulo. In the end of the, Njabulo decides to stay with his wife and continue living as a family with their new born child. There is little said about how he felt about the whole situation, when in fact the decision he made was a very big one, but would have taken a lot of thought and contradictory feelings. The tone reflected by the author was very somber and solemn. From the begging there was much negatively expressed towards the thoughts of love and marriage. There is a verbal ironic one use when all evidence persuades the reader to think that Thebedi and Paulus will be in trouble or their actions, but in the end their relationship was not acknowledged and they are both able to walk away and live their lives freely. The language used by the author also suggests gender inequality. As Thebedi is 18 years old and Njabulo is 19, Thebedi is still being called a â€Å"girl† and Njubulo is considered a â€Å"man†. Within the story The Necklace the theme of changing gender roles within the married couples is prevalent. Madame Loisel did not marry for love, but rather married because it was expected of her. She married a man who worked in the Ministry of Education and had little money. Mr. Loisel, however, did marry for love and was very satisfied with their life together. Mathilde Loisel did not respect her husband due to him not making as much money as she would like, and she is portrayed as always wanting more. Her husband tGries hard to do anything to please her and makes sacrifices to keep her happy. Mathilde uses her innocence to gain sympathy, which leads to her getting the possessions that she desires. She is presented as being a weak and needy wife who cannot care for herself, relying on her husband to survive. When the Loisel’s had to earn more money to pay off their debts, Mr. Loisel takes on a second job working outside of them home while Mrs. Loisel works in the home cooking, cleaning, and taking on the care giver role. In the begging of the story it seemed as though Mathilde held most of the power in their marriage, but once conflict arose the power shifted back to Mr. Loisel, as Mathilde continued to do exactly what he said without questioning. This story is also told from a third-person point of view. The narrator is not part of the story and presents the action to the reader from on outside view. The reader is able to see everything through the eyes or the narrator, but the reliability is questionable in that the information coming from a third party. The style of writing is very fluent and easy to follow, which makes for a very enjoyable read. deMauppassant uses situation irony in a creative way to give the story an humorous twist; when Mathilde finds out the diamond she and her husband have been working so hard to pay off, was actually imitation. This discrepancy allows the author to add humor, giving the story a light and playful tone. The use of satire exists towards the end of the story in the form of a farce. Subtle humor and hilarity is developed through improbable situations and exaggeration. In this situation the probability of Mr. And Mrs. Loisel going through ten years of misery and poverty just to find out the diamond was fake, is very low, which is why it makes the story so humorous Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour also displays a theme of an unhappy marriage. When Mrs. Mallard received the news about her dead husband she began to weep uncontrollably, only to figure out she was weeping out of joy not sadness. Mrs. Mallards journey thorugh her thoughts help her to realize just how unhappy she was in her marriage, and how much better off she will be living for herself, and only herself. Although this story is mostly about Mrs. Mallard, it still gives a sense of the stereotypical gender role. An early mention of Mr. Mallard sates that Mrs. Mallard was repressed by him in their marriage life. Mrs. Mallard’s constant joy (after hearing about her husband’s death) suggests that she wanted to leave her husband but did not have the bravery to do so. Also, men are portrayed as the stronger sex as Josephine comforts her sister as she cries in her arms, while Richard stands by and watches. The female takes on the role of the nurturer and comforter as the male takes on the role of the strong, silent type. The narrator, although a third-person point of view, does a great job of providing an in depth description of Mrs. Mallard’s feelings toward the whole situation. The action is presented through an outside view, displaying the characters thoughts and feelings toward the death of Mr. Ballard. Although most events are sensed through the eyes or the narrator, they do a great job of getting in touch with Mrs. Mallard’s feelings, so the reader can connect better with her, and how she is reacting to the situation. The narrator’s omniscient view is very refreshing and informative. Chopin uses a combination of verbal and situation irony to add humor to the situation. Throughout the story, it is explicitly expressed how each character feels about the unfortunate death of Mr. Mallard. As Mrs. Mallard chants â€Å"free, free, free! † to her in the bathroom, it leads the reader to believe that the deal of Mr. Mallard is accurate and Mrs. Mallard is ready to move on with her life. When Mrs. Mallard finally comes out of the bedroom, feeling quite positive about the situation, shock arrives on everyone’s faces as they find out Mr. Ballard was not on the train, and is therefore still alive. Although this story does not directly speak of social class, Mr. Mallard taking the train does suggest this family within the middle class category. Joan Kahn that during since the 70’s healthy adults are starting to face new challenges unrelated to their career. These activities are productive and provide new opportunities. Some of these activities include part time employment, volunteer, and informal support to family in friends. Kahn noted the gender difference between men and women’s behaviors and relationships. While men tend to work more, while achieving outside the home, women on the other hand are more nurturing in the home. Her studies have focused on age and gender differences in housework and have shown husbands to do less housework than wives which tends to increase with age. Findings on the gender gap in forms of unpaid labor have showed that women did more work for both kin and non kin than did men. Also men showed to be happier in their marriages than women. Also, her study illustrated that women were consistently more likely than men to assist their children in some capacity, as well as those who had living parents. William Wilcox demonstrates the profound changes in the functions and stability of marriage. The rise in women’s social and economic interest has drastically increased. He states, in the from the 18th century and onwards women became more concerned about marrying for social status, than marrying for love. The emotional functions and character of marriage have and marital happiness has become less important. Marital stability; home production, childbearing, and division of labor have been determined predominantly by the stereotypes of what is expected by either gender. Wilcox states, in his gender model of marriage, that men and women are invested in doing that their gender suggests they embrace. They are raised to live up to their gender role ideology. He believes women and men are socialized to hold on to their gender typical patterns of behavior. Jonathan Vespa describes children as a changing factor on gender ideology. When married couples have children, the couples are more likely to agree that a women’s duty is care giving. The effect of employment on gender ideology also depends on life experience and economic status. Working men with an employed wife their family suffered, where as working men with a stay-at-home wife reported their family was stable. Gayle Kaufman believes gender ideology has changed greatly during the last few decades. She also believes it is important to examine the relationship between ideology and marital happiness. There is a strong connection between gender attitudes in terms of expected roles for men and women and power relations. The traditional attitudes focus on men as breadwinners and women as homemakers, with both holding different amounts of power. Nontraditional attitudes focus on sharing economic and caring tasks which divides power more equally, but this is not the majority of most marriages. Much can be learned about unhappy marriages when examining the roles of both females and males within the marriage. Throughout this paper, the effects of social and economic class have shown to have a great impact on marriage. There are many common themes within the three literary works, including the unhappiness of wives in their marriages, as none of them married for love. The examination of gender roles and marriage are seen through the following short stories The Story of an Hour, The Necklace, and Country Lovers, along with scholarly articles based on gender role and marriage. Evaluation of these literary works shows quite clearly that social and economic class affects choice in marriage. Gender Roles and Marriage The representation of gender roles and marriage has always been a controversial issue. However, much can be learned about unhappy marriages when examining the roles of both females and males within the marriage. The examination of gender roles and marriage are seen through the following short stories The Story of an Hour, The Necklace, and Country Lovers, along with scholarly articles based on gender role and marriage. Evaluation of these literary works shows quite clearly that social and economic class affects choice in marriage. Gardiner’s County Lovers presents its fairly clear theme right from the beginning of the story. Yes, there is a theme of race, but if you look even deeper you can see the underlying idea of marriage and gender roles. There is a love between two people but it is forbidden due them being a part of two separate classes. In the marriage that takes place between Njabulo and Thebedi there is an absence of love. Thebedi agrees to marry Njabulo because it is what is expected of her, but this does not constitute what many see as a proper marriage. There are some prevalent gender roles expressed in this story. There is are not many females described in the story other than Thebedi, but those who are discussed always have the role of being silent, and that of a domestic worker. Thebedi is often described as being the primary care giver of her children, whereas Njabulo and Paulus are often described as holding careers outside the home. The gender roles in this story are very stereotypical. Thebedi is portrayed as being weak and helpless and she stands outside her hut while Paulus is alone with the child. She knowingly left her child alone with Paulus after he strongly expressed his dislike of the situation of her having his child. The author portrays her as being helpless and innocent but the death of her child could have been prevented if she wanted it. The point of view of this story is that of a third-person. The narrator was not involved as a character in the story, which made it harder to get involved in the story emotionally. There was little connection to the inner thoughts of Thebedi and Paulus. This made theory very limited, in that the narrator knew of the events but not of their experiences. This objective view could have been improved by connecting the reader more to the thoughts and feelings of Paulus, Thebedi and Njabulo. In the end of the, Njabulo decides to stay with his wife and continue living as a family with their new born child. There is little said about how he felt about the whole situation, when in fact the decision he made was a very big one, but would have taken a lot of thought and contradictory feelings. The tone reflected by the author was very somber and solemn. From the begging there was much negatively expressed towards the thoughts of love and marriage. There is a verbal ironic one use when all evidence persuades the reader to think that Thebedi and Paulus will be in trouble or their actions, but in the end their relationship was not acknowledged and they are both able to walk away and live their lives freely. The language used by the author also suggests gender inequality. As Thebedi is 18 years old and Njabulo is 19, Thebedi is still being called a â€Å"girl† and Njubulo is considered a â€Å"man†. Within the story The Necklace the theme of changing gender roles within the married couples is prevalent. Madame Loisel did not marry for love, but rather married because it was expected of her. She married a man who worked in the Ministry of Education and had little money. Mr. Loisel, however, did marry for love and was very satisfied with their life together. Mathilde Loisel did not respect her husband due to him not making as much money as she would like, and she is portrayed as always wanting more. Her husband tGries hard to do anything to please her and makes sacrifices to keep her happy. Mathilde uses her innocence to gain sympathy, which leads to her getting the possessions that she desires. She is presented as being a weak and needy wife who cannot care for herself, relying on her husband to survive. When the Loisel’s had to earn more money to pay off their debts, Mr. Loisel takes on a second job working outside of them home while Mrs. Loisel works in the home cooking, cleaning, and taking on the care giver role. In the begging of the story it seemed as though Mathilde held most of the power in their marriage, but once conflict arose the power shifted back to Mr. Loisel, as Mathilde continued to do exactly what he said without questioning. This story is also told from a third-person point of view. The narrator is not part of the story and presents the action to the reader from on outside view. The reader is able to see everything through the eyes or the narrator, but the reliability is questionable in that the information coming from a third party. The style of writing is very fluent and easy to follow, which makes for a very enjoyable read. deMauppassant uses situation irony in a creative way to give the story an humorous twist; when Mathilde finds out the diamond she and her husband have been working so hard to pay off, was actually imitation. This discrepancy allows the author to add humor, giving the story a light and playful tone. The use of satire exists towards the end of the story in the form of a farce. Subtle humor and hilarity is developed through improbable situations and exaggeration. In this situation the probability of Mr. And Mrs. Loisel going through ten years of misery and poverty just to find out the diamond was fake, is very low, which is why it makes the story so humorous Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour also displays a theme of an unhappy marriage. When Mrs. Mallard received the news about her dead husband she began to weep uncontrollably, only to figure out she was weeping out of joy not sadness. Mrs. Mallards journey thorugh her thoughts help her to realize just how unhappy she was in her marriage, and how much better off she will be living for herself, and only herself. Although this story is mostly about Mrs. Mallard, it still gives a sense of the stereotypical gender role. An early mention of Mr. Mallard sates that Mrs. Mallard was repressed by him in their marriage life. Mrs. Mallard’s constant joy (after hearing about her husband’s death) suggests that she wanted to leave her husband but did not have the bravery to do so. Also, men are portrayed as the stronger sex as Josephine comforts her sister as she cries in her arms, while Richard stands by and watches. The female takes on the role of the nurturer and comforter as the male takes on the role of the strong, silent type. The narrator, although a third-person point of view, does a great job of providing an in depth description of Mrs. Mallard’s feelings toward the whole situation. The action is presented through an outside view, displaying the characters thoughts and feelings toward the death of Mr. Ballard. Although most events are sensed through the eyes or the narrator, they do a great job of getting in touch with Mrs. Mallard’s feelings, so the reader can connect better with her, and how she is reacting to the situation. The narrator’s omniscient view is very refreshing and informative. Chopin uses a combination of verbal and situation irony to add humor to the situation. Throughout the story, it is explicitly expressed how each character feels about the unfortunate death of Mr. Mallard. As Mrs. Mallard chants â€Å"free, free, free! † to her in the bathroom, it leads the reader to believe that the deal of Mr. Mallard is accurate and Mrs. Mallard is ready to move on with her life. When Mrs. Mallard finally comes out of the bedroom, feeling quite positive about the situation, shock arrives on everyone’s faces as they find out Mr. Ballard was not on the train, and is therefore still alive. Although this story does not directly speak of social class, Mr. Mallard taking the train does suggest this family within the middle class category. Joan Kahn that during since the 70’s healthy adults are starting to face new challenges unrelated to their career. These activities are productive and provide new opportunities. Some of these activities include part time employment, volunteer, and informal support to family in friends. Kahn noted the gender difference between men and women’s behaviors and relationships. While men tend to work more, while achieving outside the home, women on the other hand are more nurturing in the home. Her studies have focused on age and gender differences in housework and have shown husbands to do less housework than wives which tends to increase with age. Findings on the gender gap in forms of unpaid labor have showed that women did more work for both kin and non kin than did men. Also men showed to be happier in their marriages than women. Also, her study illustrated that women were consistently more likely than men to assist their children in some capacity, as well as those who had living parents. William Wilcox demonstrates the profound changes in the functions and stability of marriage. The rise in women’s social and economic interest has drastically increased. He states, in the from the 18th century and onwards women became more concerned about marrying for social status, than marrying for love. The emotional functions and character of marriage have and marital happiness has become less important. Marital stability; home production, childbearing, and division of labor have been determined predominantly by the stereotypes of what is expected by either gender. Wilcox states, in his gender model of marriage, that men and women are invested in doing that their gender suggests they embrace. They are raised to live up to their gender role ideology. He believes women and men are socialized to hold on to their gender typical patterns of behavior. Jonathan Vespa describes children as a changing factor on gender ideology. When married couples have children, the couples are more likely to agree that a women’s duty is care giving. The effect of employment on gender ideology also depends on life experience and economic status. Working men with an employed wife their family suffered, where as working men with a stay-at-home wife reported their family was stable. Gayle Kaufman believes gender ideology has changed greatly during the last few decades. She also believes it is important to examine the relationship between ideology and marital happiness. There is a strong connection between gender attitudes in terms of expected roles for men and women and power relations. The traditional attitudes focus on men as breadwinners and women as homemakers, with both holding different amounts of power. Nontraditional attitudes focus on sharing economic and caring tasks which divides power more equally, but this is not the majority of most marriages. Much can be learned about unhappy marriages when examining the roles of both females and males within the marriage. Throughout this paper, the effects of social and economic class have shown to have a great impact on marriage. There are many common themes within the three literary works, including the unhappiness of wives in their marriages, as none of them married for love. The examination of gender roles and marriage are seen through the following short stories The Story of an Hour, The Necklace, and Country Lovers, along with scholarly articles based on gender role and marriage. Evaluation of these literary works shows quite clearly that social and economic class affects choice in marriage.

Controversial History of the House of the Seven Gables

Africa, by David Diop David Mandessi Diop (19271960) was a revolutionary African poet born in France but with parents of West African descent. His poems highlighted problems of Africa brought about by colonialism and gave a message to Africans to bring about change and freedom. He was known for his involvement in the negritude movement in France, a movement started by Black writers and artists protesting against French colonialism and its effects of African culture and values. His views and feelings were published in â€Å"Presence Africaine† and in his book of poems â€Å"Coups de pillon† which was published in 1956.Diop died at the age of 33 in a plane crash. Africa my Africa Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs Africa of whom my grandmother sings On the banks of the distant river The poem starts by Diop reminiscing about Africa, a land he has not seen but only heard about from his grandmother's songs. His choice of words like â€Å"distant† symbolis e how far he is from his country, a feeling based on his real life as he lived in France throughout his childhood and only visited Africa in the 1950s.Despite this, he paints a vivid scene of Africa and the proud warriors who walk on its â€Å"ancestral savannahs† You can sense how much he misses his homeland by his stress on the word Africa, and he continues to call it â€Å"My Africa† to emphasise it is his land and his feelings of patriotism towards it. I have never known you But your blood flows in my veins Your beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields The blood of your sweat The sweat of your work The work of your slavery He continues to say that he has never known Africa, but despite the distance he cannot deny how much it is a part of him.The â€Å"beautiful black blood† which flows in his veins describes his African descent and shows how much Africa is a part of him and his love for it and its people. The next verses are angry and accusatory as he stresses that it is the blood and sweat of his people which is irrigating the fields for the benefit of other people. By this he is pointing a finger at the colonialists who exploited Black people and used them as slaves to profit from their hard labour. Africa, tell me Africa Is this your back that is unbent This back that never breaks under the weight of humiliationThis back trembling with red scars And saying no to the whip under the midday sun. In these verses he urges the Black people to stand up to the pain and the humiliation that they are suffering in their own land. He reminds them of the strength Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka Nigerian poet Wole Soyinka uses irony to depict the absurdity of racism in his poem, â€Å"Telephone Conversation. IRONY the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning: the irony of her reply, â€Å"How nice! † when I said I had to work all weekend. technique of indicating, as through character or pl ot development, an intention or attitude opposite to that which is actually or ostensibly stated. (esp. in contemporary writing) a manner of organizing a work so as to give full expression to contradictory or complementary impulses, attitudes, etc. , esp. as a means of indicating detachment from a subject, theme, or emotion. Irony, sarcasm, satire indicate mockery of something or someone. The essential feature of irony is the indirect presentation of a contradiction between an action or expression and the context in which it occurs.In the figure of speech, emphasis is placed on the opposition between the literal and intended meaning of a statement; one thing is said and its opposite implied, as in the comment, â€Å"Beautiful weather, isn't it? † made when it is raining or nasty. Irony differs from sarcasm in greater subtlety and wit. In sarcasm ridicule or mockery is used harshly, often crudely and contemptuously, for destructive purposes. It may be used in an indirect manne r, and have the form of irony, as in â€Å"What a fine musician you turned out to be! or it may be used in the form of a direct statement, â€Å"You couldn't play one piece correctly if you had two assistants. † The distinctive quality of sarcasm is present in the spoken word and manifested chiefly by vocal inflection, whereas satire and irony, arising originally as literary and rhetorical forms, are exhibited in the organization or structuring of either language or literary material. Satire usually implies the use of irony or sarcasm for censorious or critical purposes and is often directed at public figures or institutions, conventional behavior, political situations, etc. Some examples:When something bad has happened: â€Å"This is just great,† or â€Å"That was just perfect. † In response to a bad joke: â€Å"That's just so funny,† or obviously feigned (and often weak) laughter â€Å"Ha. Ha. Ha. NOT. † When a boring statement has been made: â €Å"Wow, great! † When someone has thoroughly botched something: â€Å"Great job! † or â€Å"Congratulations! † When somebody accuses another of something bad/wrong: â€Å"Do I get bonus points if I act like I care? † Used when writing: I love school The speaker of the poem, a dark West African man searching for a new apartment, tells the story of a telephone call he made to a potential landlady.Instead of discussing price, location, amenities, and other information significant to the apartment, they discussed the speaker's skin color. The landlady is described as a polite, well-bred woman, even though she is shown to be shallowly racist. The speaker is described as being genuinely apologetic for his skin color, even though he has no reason to be sorry for something which he was born with and has no control over. In this short poem, we can see that the speaker is an intelligent person by his use of high diction and quick wit, not the savage that the landl ady assumes he is because of his skin color.All of these discrepancies between what appears to be and what really is create a sense of verbal irony that helps the poem display the ridiculousness of racism. â€Å"The price seemed reasonable, location / Indifferent† The first sentence of the poem includes a pun that introduces the theme of the following poem and also informs us that things are not going to be as straightforward as they appear. â€Å"The price seemed reasonable, location / Indifferent† If we read over these lines quickly, we would assume that the speaker meant â€Å"Being neither good nor bad† by the use of the word indifferent .But, indifferent is also defined as â€Å"Characterized by a lack of partiality; unbiased. † This other definition gives the sentence an entirely different meaning. Instead of the apartment's location being neither good or bad, we read that the apartment's location is unbiased and impartial. However, we quickly learn in the following lines of the poem that the location of the apartment is the exact opposite of unbiased and impartial. The speaker is rudely denied the ability to rent the property because of bias towards his skin color.This opening pun quickly grabs our attention and suggests that we as readers be on the lookout for more subtle uses of language that will alter the meaning of the poem. â€Å"Caught I was, foully† After this introduction, the speaker begins his â€Å"self-confession† about his skin color (line 4). It is ironic that this is called a self-confession since the speaker has nothing that he should have to confess since he has done nothing wrong. He warns the landlady that he is African, instead of just informing her. â€Å"Caught I was, foully† he says after listening to the silence the landlady had responded with. I hate a wasted journey—I am AfricanAgain, the word caught connotes that some wrong had been done, that the speaker was a criminal caught committing his crime. By making the speaker actually seem sorry for his skin color, Soyinka shows how ridiculous it really is for someone to apologize for his race. To modern Western thinkers, it seems almost comical that anyone should be so submissive when he has committed no wrongdoing. ARE YOU DARK? OR VERY LIGHT? Her goodness is seemingly confirmed later on when the speaker says that she was â€Å"considerate† in rephrasing her question (line 17). Her response to the caller's question included only â€Å"light / Impersonality† (lines 20-21).Although she was described as being a wealthy woman, she was seemingly considerate and only slightly impersonal. The speaker seems almost grateful for her demeanor. Of course, these kind descriptions of the woman are teeming with verbal irony. We know that she is being very shallowly judgmental even while she is seeming to be so pleasant. The landlady, on the other hand, is described with nothing but positive terms. The s peaker mentions her â€Å"good-breeding,† â€Å"lipstick coated† voice, â€Å"long gold-rolled/Cigarette holder,† all possessions that should make her a respectable lady (lines 7-9).These words describing her wealth are neutral in regard to her personal character, but allow that she could be a good person. â€Å"How dark? ,† After recording the all-important question, â€Å"How dark? ,† the poem pauses for a moment and describes the surroundings to give a sense of reality that shows that the ridiculous question had really been asked (line 10). The speaker describes the buttons in the phone booth, the foul smell that seems to always coexist with public spaces, and a bus driving by outside. His description gives us an image of where the speaker is located: a public phone booth, probably somewhere in the United Kingdom.The â€Å"Red booth,† â€Å"Red pillar-box,† and â€Å"Red double-tiered / Omnibus† are all things that one might find in Leeds, the British city in which Soyinka had been studying prior to writing this poem). In addition to the literal images that this description creates, a sense of the anger running through the speaker's mind is portrayed by the repeated use of the word red. This technique is the closest that that the speaker ever comes to openly showing anger in the poem. Although it is hidden with seemingly polite language, a glimpse of the speaker's anger appears in this quick pause in the conversation.In the end, the landlady repeats her question and the speaker is forced to reveal how dark he is. â€Å"West African sepia,† he says, citing his passport . She claims not to know what that means. She wants a quantifiable expression of his darkness. His response, feigning simplicity is that his face is â€Å"brunette,† his hands and feet â€Å"peroxide blonde† and his bottom â€Å"raven black†. He knows that she just wants a measure of his overall skin-color so t hat she can categorize him, but he refuses to give it to her. Instead he details the different colors of different parts of his body. wouldn't you rather / See for yourself? † As it was meant to, this greatly annoys the landlady and she hangs up on him. In closing, he asks the then empty telephone line, â€Å"wouldn't you rather / See for yourself? † The speaker, still playing his ignorance of what the lady was truly asking, sounds as though he is asking whether the landlady would like to meet him in person to judge his skin color for herself. The irony in this question, though, lies in the fact that we know the speaker is actually referring to his black bottom when he asks the woman if she wants to see it for herself.Still feigning politeness, the speaker offers to show his backside to the racist landlady. Throughout the poem, yet another form of irony is created by the speaker's use of high diction, which shows his education. Although the landlady refuses to rent an a partment to him because of his African heritage and the supposed savagery that accompanies it, the speaker is clearly a well educated individual. Words like â€Å"pipped,† â€Å"rancid,† and â€Å"spectroscopic† are not words that a savage brute would have in his vocabulary (lines 9, 12, 23).The speaker's intelligence is further shown through his use of sarcasm and wit in response to the landlady's questions. Although he pretends politeness the entire time, he includes subtle meanings in his speech. The fact that a black man could outwit and make a white woman seem foolish shows the irony in judging people based on their skin color. Wole Soyinka's â€Å"Telephone Conversation† is packed with subtleties. The puns, irony, and sarcasm employed help him to show the ridiculousness of racism. The conversation we observe is comical, as is the entire notion that a man can be judged based on the color of his skin.Night Rain John Pepper Clark-Bekederemo was born at Kiagbodo in the Ijaw country in 1935. For a while he worked as a newspaper editor, before going to Princeton University in the United States where he was a Parvin Fellow. On his return to Nigeria he became a Research Fellow at the University of lbadan. He spent ten years as editor of the highly influential literary magazine Black Orpheus. He then moved to the University of Lagos, as Professor and Head of Department. He took voluntary retirement in 1980 to allow time for his research and creative endeavours.He set up the first Repertory Theatre in the country, PEC Repertory Theatre. A poet, playwright and essayist, Clark-Bekederemo has been a prolific author. His writings include a book of critical essays, America their America, a collection of literary essays, The Example of Shakespeare, and a highly acclaimed translation of the Ozidi Saga. He has published numerous volumes of poetry including A Reed in the Tide, which is said to have been the first by a single African poet to be p ublished internationally (rather than in an anthology. His poetry is inspired a great deal by his cultural roots among the Ijaw people of Nigeria. Other volumes of poetry include Casualties, which came out in 1970 just after the Nigerian Civil War, A Decade of Tongues, State of the Union, and a sixth book of poems, Mandela and other poems. JP Clark remains a controversial figure in some respects, but there is no doubting his prowess as a poet. Nigerian poet and playwright; he originally published under the name of J. P. Clark. Poetry is the genre in which he is probably most successful as an artist.His poetic works are Poems (1961), a group of forty lyrics that treat heterogeneous themes; A Reed in the Tide (1965), occasional poems that focus on the poet's indigenous African background and his travel experience in America and other places; Casualties: Poems 1966-68 (1970), which illustrates the horrendous events of the Nigeria-Biafra war; A Decade of Tongues (1981), a collection of seventy-four poems, all except ‘Epilogue to Casualties' (dedicated to Michael Echeruo) His poetic career spans three literary pedigrees: the apprenticeship stage of trial and experimentation, exemplified by such juvenilia as ‘Darkness and Light' and ‘Iddo Bridge'; the imitative stage, in which he appropriates such Western poetic conventions as the couplet measure and the sonnet sequence, exemplified in such lyrics as ‘To a Fallen Soldier' and ‘Of Faith', and the individualized stage, in which he attains the maturity and originality of form of such poems as ‘Night Rain', ‘Out of the Tower', and ‘Song'. While his poetic themes centre on violence and protest (Casualties), institutional corruption (State of the Union), the beauty of nature and the landscape (A Reed in the Tide), European colonialism (‘Ivbie' in Poems), and humanity's inhumanity (Mandela and Other Poems), he draws his imagery from the indigenous African background and the Western literary tradition, interweaving them to dazzling effect. Although he is fascinated by the poetic styles of Western authors, particularly G. M. Hopkins, T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, and W. H. Auden, he has cultivated an eloquent, penetrating, and descriptive voice of his own.Bekederemo's dramas include Song of a Goat (1961), a tragedy cast in the Greek classical mode in which the impotence of Zifa, the protagonist, causes his wife Ebiere and his brother Tonye to indulge in an illicit love relationship that results in suicide. As one of Africa's pre-eminent and distinguished authors, he has, since his retirement, continued to play an active role in literary affairs, a role in which he is increasingly gaining deserved international recognition. In 1991, for example, he received the Nigerian National Merit Award for literary excellence and saw publication, by Howard University, of his two definitive volumes, The Ozidi Saga and Collected Plays and Poems 1958-1988. Chinua Acheb e's â€Å"Refugee Mother and Child†The Mother has always held a supreme position in all religions. In Islam, she holds the first,second and third places. In Hinduism, the Mother and Motherland are deemed greater than heaven. In Christianity, the privilege of â€Å"giving birth divinely† was also handed over to a woman. The image of Madonna with her child is supposed to be the highest paradigm of motherhood one can envisage . Here ,Chinua Achebe states that even that image could not surpass the picture of a mother expressing tenderness for a son she would soon have to forget. It is the most poignant impression one's imagination and memory can ever perceive. The prescribed poem is titled â€Å"Refugee Mother and Child†.The adjective ‘refugee' assumes different meanings in this context. One, the mother in question may be a refugee. Besides, one who flees from danger, and is in a secure and protective circle is also called a ‘refugee'. In this regard, th e baby is a refugee, and his refuge is his mother's womb till he comes out to this cruel world. Another interpretation would be the mother finding refuge from the reality of the death of her son in a make-believe world. The air held a nausea of unwashed children with traces of diarrhea,and the stench of the emanations post-delivery. The rawness of the struggle to attain motherhood is depicted as the poet states: The air was heavy with odors f diarrhea of unwashed children with washed-out ribs and dried-up bottoms struggling in labored steps behind blown empty bellies. Mothers there had long ceased to care, as the poignancy of the situation of the refugees had reached their saturation point. But this one still held her own. She donned a ghost smile. The situation is scary because the new-born is dead and the smile seems ghastly. The term ‘ghost smile' may also signify that the lady held a ‘ghost' of a smile that once was real. Now that the genuine reason for the smile is lost, it may be termed as a ‘ghost of a smile. ‘ Her eyes also looked super-focussed as it held the ghost of a mother's pride.She combs ,with maternal affection, the hair on his ‘skull'. Note that it is ‘skull' and not ‘head' as the baby is impoverished, and dead. Her eyes appeared to sing a lullaby, as she parts the son's hair. In an otherwise situation, this act would be of little consequence; another everyday affair before breakfast or school. Here,however, it happens to stand for the last display of maternal affection and is therefore equivalent to â€Å"putting flowers on a tiny grave. † If You Want to Know Me By Noemia de Sousa My apologies for the long drought without a FUUO poet of the week. Noemia de Sousa (aka Vera Micaia) was born in 1927 in Maputo, Mozambique.She lived in Lisbon working as a translator from 1951 to 1964 and then she left for Paris where she worked for the local consulate of Morocco. She went back to Lisbon in 1975 and became member of the ANOP. In the early years of the liberation struggle she was very active. She later left and lived in exile. Noemia racial background was Portuguese and Bantu and in much of her poetry she explores the idea of Africa and her heritage. Her poem below is phenomenal. It’s angry and inspired and that final stanza—where she proffers her body as a medium for Africa’s struggle for freedom–wow, powerful. And she ends her poem without a period, perhaps because her last word is ‘hope’ and what is more hopeful than an undefined end? 1926–2002), Mozambican poet and writer. Carolina Noemia Abranches de Sousa was born in the Mozambican capital, Lourenco Marques (now Maputo), the child of two mixed-race parents, roughly fifty years before her country's liberation from Portugal. She was proud that her background included German, Portuguese, and Goan (Indian) ancestors as well as Ronga and Makua from Mozambique. Her early education was in Maputo, though after her father died she was not able to attend an academic high school. She trained at a commercial school, learning to type and do stenography, but she also pursued more traditional academic subjects and studied English and French.De Sousa's first job was working at a local business as a secretary, employment she took in order to support her mother. She published her first poem, â€Å"O irmao negro† (The Black Brother), in the local literary magazine Mocidade (Youth) when she was nineteen. She was then known as Carolina Abranches , so she disguised her identity by publishing under the initials N. S. E. , referring to her unused names of Noemia de Sousa. She soon began working for the Associacao Africana (African Association), a political group that included the renowned Mozambican poet Jose Craveirinha , and she was responsible for reviving the association's militant newspaper, O Brado Africano (The African Call).She wrote several well-received and m uch anthologized poems through the late 1940s, though after 1951 she no longer wrote poetry, with the exception of a commemorative poem following the death of independent Mozambique's first president, Samora Machel , in an airplane crash in 1986. Her early poems are often cited as representative of the Negritude school of writing, extolling black African culture and history, though she was writing in isolation from the better-known French school of Negritude. Her poems celebrated Mozambican culture and history. One of the most often cited is a poem about migrant workers in South Africa's gold and diamond mines, â€Å"Magaica† (â€Å"Migrant Laborer†) which concludes: † Youth and health, the lost illusions which will shine like stars on some Lady's neck in some City's night. â€Å"Her celebration of â€Å"my mother Africa† (in the poem â€Å"Sangue negro† [â€Å"Black Blood†] is continued in â€Å"Se me quiseres conhecer †¦ ,† [â €Å"If You Want to Know Me†], which has a catalog of Mozambican lives: † If you want to understand me come, bend over this soul of Africa in the black dockworker's groans the Chope's frenzied dances the Changanas’ rebellion [ †¦ ] † And she was appreciated for her cries for liberation, as with these closing lines from â€Å"Poema de Joao† (â€Å"The Poem of Joao†): â€Å"who can take the multitude and lock it in a cage? † In 1951 she moved to Portugal to escape the vigilance of the Portuguese secret police, who were interested in her work at O Brado Africano. In Portugal she met and married her husband, Gaspar Soares, in 1962. The couple moved to France, where de Sousa worked as a journalist under the pen name Vera Micaia.She returned to Portugal and was living there when she died in 2002. I Thank You God Bernard Binlin Dadie Bernard Binlin Dadie (or sometimes Bernard Dadie) (born 1916 near Abidjan) is a prolific Ivorian novelist, playwright, poet, and ex-administrator. Among many other senior positions, starting in 1957, he held the post of Minister of Culture in the government of Cote d'Ivoire from 1977 to 1986. He worked for the French government in Dakar, Senegal, but on returning to his homeland in 1947, became part of its movement for independence. Before Cote d'Ivoire's independence in 1960, he was detained for sixteen months for taking part in demonstrations which opposed the French colonial government.In his writing, influenced by his experiences of colonialism as a child, Dadie attempts to connect the messages of traditional African folktales with the contemporary world. With Germain Coffi Gadeau and F. J. Amon d'Aby, he founded the Cercle Culturel et Folklorique de la Cote d'Ivoire (CCFCI) in 1953. [1] His humanism and desire for the equality and independence of Africans and their culture is also prevalent. Famous for his work I Thank You, God â€Å"I thank you God for creating me black, For havin g made me the total of all sorrows, and set upon my head The World. I wear the lively of the Centaur And I carry the world since the first morning. White is a colour improvised for an occasion Black, the colour of all days And I carry the World since the first evening.I am happy with the shape of my head fashioned to carry the World, satisfied With the shape of my nose, which should breathe all the air of the World, happy With the form of my legs prepared to run through all the stages of the World. I thank you God for creating me black For making of me Porter of all sorrows.. Still I am Glad to carry the World, Glad of my short arms Of my long arms Of the thickness of my lips.. I thank you God for creating me black White is a colour for special occasions Black the colour for every day And i have carried the World since the dawn of time And my laugh over the World, through the night, creates the Day. I thank you, God for creating me blackGabriel Okara's â€Å"Once Upon a Time† â€Å"Once Upon a Time† has been published in the Edexcel GCSE anthology. In â€Å"Once Upon a Time†, Gabriel Okara speaks of a time when Africans were rooted in the simplicity of tradition and minimalism of sophistication; and how different they have turned out to be with the advent of colonialism. The very title â€Å"Once Upon a Time† points to a fairy tale existence long ago that is almost deemed unbelievable â€Å"Once Upon a Time† they used to laugh with their hearts and eyes in complete sincerity. A smile, if natural, first reaches the eyes. Therefore Okara portrays fake, unfelt smiles. A smile is the first greeting a person is received with.If the greeting itself is deceptive; the rest is to be regarded with great suspicion. â€Å"Once Upon a Time† they were children in the lap of nature . However, now they have turned into processed products of the pseudo modern existence. They now laugh mechanically with their teeth and ice-block cold ey es. The term ‘ice-block cold eyes' is very suggestive of death and stagnation. It also denotes lack of communication. Pictorial vehemence suggests the lurking hypocrisy. The people only ‘search behind' the speaker's shadow. Okara means to say that every action is analyzed and every motive criticized. Also, they are satisfied with the shadow of the person in question, and do not seek the identity of the persona.This points to the current media policy that project the shells of various personalities without delving to their depth. They fail to comprehend the enigma behind each unique individual. The poet moves from expression to action. Now they shake hands ‘without hearts' as their left hand probes the speakers' pockets. People do not go out of their way to help others now-a-days. Instead, influenced by the Western formula of success, they take advantage of others to reach their end. The poet asserts that immersed in the crowd, he has also become a cog in the wheel of society. Like Kamala Das echoes in her poem â€Å"Fancy-Dress Show†, the poet claims that he has learnt to adorn different faces to suit the situation- homeface, officeface, streetface, hostface, ocktailface, with all their conforming smiles like a fixed portrait smile. The third stanza portrays the hiatus between words uttered and bitter reality. The divorce between the intention and remark is explicit. The poet has also learnt o say â€Å"Good bye† when he means â€Å"Good Riddance† The shut door stands for modern insularity: it foregrounds the alienation of the individual from tradition, tribe and clan. . The speaker tells his son that he wants to relearn everything and be like him. He seems to echo that :†Child is the father of man†. Okara ,in other words, would like to go down to his roots. The man distrusts even his mirror image, his reflection: for my laugh in the mirror hows only my teeth like a snake's bare fangs! The poisonous erudition is implicit in his own state of being. The poet opines that unpolluted simplicity and innocence can only be found in childhood, and relived in the same. The Call of the River Nun is a similar celebration of lost innocence David Rubadiri's â€Å"A Negro Labourer in Liverpool† An analysis of David Rubadiri's â€Å"A Negro Labourer in Liverpool† The poem strives to highlight the plight of a Negro labourer in Liverpool. The indefinite article ‘a’ points to the lack of a specific identity. They are just one among a group, one of the community, who do not necessarily possess any individual identity.They are labeled according to their work(labourer)or corresponding to their geographical location. The poet himself hints at the indifference of society as a whole to the plight of the labourer as he states that he ‘passes’ him. He slouches on dark backstreet pavements. His ‘marginalization’ is evident in his position ’slouchingâ€℠¢. Further, it is also emphasized in his being side-stepped on the pavements. Again the pavement is qualified by the phrase ’dark backstreet’. The head is ‘bowed’ when it would have preferred to be straight. He is overcome with fatigue and totally exhausted. He is a dark shadow amongst other shadows. He has no unique identity, his life is not colourful.The poet asserts that he has lifted his face to his, as in acknowledgement. Their eyes met but on his dark Negro face. The poet probably refers to the reflection of the speaker’s eyes in the eyes of the labourer. The eyes are foregrounded on his dark face. There is no sunny smile as he wears a forlorn expression. The sun is an important and recurrent motif in African poetry. A wise man once said that a man is poor if he does not have a penny; he is poor if he does not possess a dream. The labourer here neither has hope nor longing. Only the mechanical ‘cowed dart of eyes’ that is more mec hanized than the impassive activity of the people. People in their ‘impassive’ fast-forward life fail to notice the labourer.He painfully searches for a face to comprehend his predicament, acknowledge his suffering. It expresses his utter solitude and utter desperation. Capitalism & Women Academy. Mises. org Feminists Should Thank Capitalists. Mises Academy Course. Enroll Today! Ads by Google Notice that the poet shifts from the indefinite article ‘a’ to the definite article ‘the’ in addressing the Negro labourer in the second stanza. It is to assert and affirm his existence in society that the poet does the same. David Rubadiri goes on to describe him in terms of his motherland; and in terms of his emotions: ’a heart heavy’. He bears a century’s oppression that had sought after an identity.He strives to attain the fire of manhood. But ironically, even in the Land of the free (England), he is unable to attain the same. Neve rtheless, the free here are also dead, in a state of decay and stagnation, for they too grope for a light, a ray of hope. The speaker puts forward the question: Will the sun That greeted him from his mother’s womb Ever shine again? Not here- Here his hope is the shovel. And his fulfillment resignation He awaits a new dawn, as fresh as that promised as he arose from his mother’s womb. He longs for the rays of hope of a sun that will never set for him. Presently his hope is his shovel-his hard work, and he discovers content in its fulfillment.

Compare and contrast three current paradigms Essays

Compare and contrast three current paradigms Essays Compare and contrast three current paradigms Essay Compare and contrast three current paradigms Essay Compare and contrast three current paradigms in abnormal psychology associating to the aetiology and care of eating upsets. This essay will get down by briefly specifying the cardinal constructs of this inquiry and will so give a concise account of the chief feeding upsets in order to supply relevant background information, before researching the three paradigms identified further on. Finally the essay will summarize some differences and applications to eating upsets, of these paradigms. Abnormal psychology is the scientific survey of unnatural behavior ( Stirling and Hellewell 1999 ) which draws upon different subjects such as psychological science, psychopathology, neurology and general medical specialty. The term paradigm’ has been accorded many definitions ; nevertheless within the context of this treatment could be thought of as a construct used by many subjects to stand for a class of theories for the intent of account ( Stansfield 2001 ) . Aetiology is concerned with the causing of disease. The inquiry refers to both aetiology and to care and the differentiation is of import in the sense that an consciousness of aetiology can inform bar of conditions, or at least aid to recognize and turn to early hazard factors, whereas knowledge about care factors is necessary in order to be able to develop effectual intervention intercessions ( Stice 2002 ) . There are three chief eating upsets, viz. anorexia nervosa, binge-eating syndrome nervosa and orgy eating upset ( Keel and Herzog 2004 ) . Anorexia nervosa is associated with a organic structure weight which is 15 % or more below what is expected for the individual’s tallness and weight, due to terrible limitation of food- consumption, frequently combined with inordinate exercising. Diagnosis besides takes into history an intense fright of being fat together with a deformed body- image. The chief characteristic of binge-eating syndrome nervosa is a combination of orgy feeding and self- induced emesis and the usage of laxatives or water pills. There is besides a preoccupation with organic structure weight ( Roth et al 2005 ) . Binge eating upset is characterised by periodic orgy feeding ( twice a hebdomad or more ) non usually followed by purging or the usage of laxatives ( Brown 2005 ) . The literature refers besides to other, less well- known eating upsets such as Eating Diso rder Not Otherwise Specified ( EDNOS ) ( Key and Lacey 2002 ) which is characterised by a combination of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa and binge-eating syndrome nervosa together with high degrees of perfectionism, relationship troubles and a reluctance to seek aid. Current paradigms in abnormal psychology include the familial paradigm, the psychoanalytic paradigm, the cognitive behavioral paradigm and the neuroscience paradigm every bit good as other factors that are more eclectic such as emotion, sociocultural factors, emphasis and clinical jobs that have multiple positions ( Kring et al 2006 ) The three paradigms to be compared and contrasted here are the familial paradigm, the cognitive behavioral paradigm and the neuroscience paradigm. Familial factors were non originally thought to lend to eating upsets ( Lilenfeld and Kay 1998 ) ; nevertheless twin surveies have indicated that there can be familial factors ( Ingram and Price 2002 ) and have added to the turning organic structure of grounds which suggests that familial factors are extremely important in the development of eating upsets ( Lask and Bryant- Waugh 2000 ) . It has been suggested that familial factors contribute to a wide spectrum of eating upsets instead than to one specifically defined upset ( Smolak et al 1996 ) . If this is the instance so it may be more helpful to look for indicants of a general sensitivity to eating upsets which may emerge earlier in life, than the specific status. At present our apprehension of the relationship between familial factors and eating upsets has limited application ; i.e. to the consideration of household history in order to place at- hazard persons. However in the hereafter it is anticipated that high- hazard persons will be identifiable by their genotypes ( familial make- up ) . Finally, it should be possible to utilize cistron therapy to cut down or even extinguish the familial hazard of developing an feeding upset. ( Johnson and Bulick accessed 2006 ) . Within the cognitive behavioral paradigm, the account for eating upsets is concerned with psychological factors ; anorexia nervosa originates from feelings of being fat and unattractive ( Rosen et al 1995 ) and is maintained by cognitive prejudice ( divergence from rational thought ( Gelfand 2004 ) . This paradigm is based on the premise that cognitive factors are straight linked to eating ( and other ) upsets and hence, it should be possible to handle the symptoms of eating upsets by straight aiming these cognitive factors ( Russell and Jarvis 2003a ) utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) . CBT focuses on beliefs and behaviors, the function these play in the development of psychological troubles and the care of these troubles over a period of clip ( Roth Ledley et Al 2005 ) . Presently there is more grounds to back up the effectivity of CBT with binge-eating syndrome nervosa than with anorexia nervosa ( Simos 2002 ) . The account for eating upsets within the neuroscience paradigm includes a nexus between the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine and psychological symptoms such as appetency ; anorexia being linked to altered ( i.e. low ) degrees of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( Kaye et al 2005 ) . Serotonin plays an of import portion in the ordinance of appetency every bit good as other facets such as slumber and temper. A low degree of 5-hydroxytryptamine besides causes hyperactivity and crossness which may lend to the care of the eating upset ( Yates 1991 ) . Drugs such as Prozac might be used to handle eating upsets as they have the consequence of raising degrees of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( Russell and Jarvis 2003b ) . However, although it has been found that handling binge-eating syndrome nervosa with Prozac has shown a high degree of effectivity ; cognitive behavioral therapy shows a greater grade of success with fewer side effects and longer-lasting consequences ( Costin 2006 ) In decision, the familial paradigm offers some account for the aetiology of eating upsets and has relevancy in relation to placing familial factors. It is merely in the hereafter that advances in cistron therapy will enable its application. The neuroscience paradigm is concerned with accounts about chemical alterations which can trip eating upsets and consequently intervention involves chemical intercession. Overall CBT appears to be one of the most effectual attacks used in the intervention of eating upsets but might be more helpful when used with some upsets than others and its success is dependent on the harmony of the patient. It is possible that no one current paradigm in abnormal psychology can definitively explicate the aetiology and care of eating upsets. It has been suggested for illustration that psychosocial factors are extremely influential in determining eating upsets, but could besides trip implicit in familial mechanisms ( Vrachnas et al 2005 ) . Palmer ( 2004 ) suppor ts this position by proposing that anorexia nervosa and binge-eating syndrome nervosa portion a similar familial susceptibleness, but the signifier the status takes may be determined by other factors. Furthermore, Klump et al observed that personality as a familial hazard factor is likely to interact with environmental emphasiss in order to take to eating upsets. This suggests that a combination of attacks ( a biopsychosocial theoretical account ( Hoek et al 1998 ) ) is likely to be the best manner frontward and there is some grounds for illustration, to propose that CBT is most effectual when used in concurrence with other schemes to handle eating upsets ( Grilo 2006 ) . Overall, the pupil would hold with Halmi ( 1992 ) ; that imputing accounts for eating upsets to a individual paradigm, is a reductionist position. Mentions Brown J. Nutrition now. Thomas Wadsworth. 2005. p.2 Costin C. Medication for Treating Eating Disorders: The Psychiatrist s Role and Medication. HealthyPlace.com. Eating Disorders Community. 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthyplace.com/Communities/Eating_Disorders/medication_1a.asp Accessed: 25ThursdayNovember 2006 Gelfand M The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture. Stanford University Press. 2004. p. 8. Grilo C. Cognitive behavioral therapy does non better result in corpulent adult females with orgy eating upset having a comprehensive really low Calorie diet programme.Evidence-Based Mental Health. 9 ( 1 ) 2006. p.12. Halmi K Psychobiology and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.1992. p.116. Hoek H J Treasure J and Katzman M. Neurobiology in the Treatment of Eating Disorders. John Wiley and Sons. 1998. p.3. Ingram R and Price J ( Eds. ) Vulnerability to Psychopathology: hazard across the lifetime. Guilford imperativeness. 2002. p. 392. Johnson C and Bulick C. Brave New World: The Role of Genetics in the Prevention and Treatment of Eating Disorders. A collaborative survey of the genetic sciences of anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wpic.pitt.edu/research/pfanbn/genetics.html. Accessed 23rd November 2006. Lask B and Bryant- Waugh R. Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence.Psychology Press.2000. p.64 Kaye W, Frank G, Bailer U, Henry S, Meltzer C, Price J, Mathis C, Wagner A. Serotonin changes in anorexia and binge-eating syndrome nervosa: new penetrations from imaging surveies.Physiol Behav, 85 ( 1 ) 2005 pp. 73-81. Keel P and Herzog D Long- term result, class of unwellness and mortality in Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder. In: Brewerton T. Clinical Handbook of Eating Disorders: An incorporate attack. Marcel Dekker. 2004. pp.97, 98 Identify A and Lacey H. Progress in eating upset research. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 15 ( 2 ) 2002. pp.143-148 Klump K, McGue M and Iacono W Genetic Relationships Between Personality and Eating Attitudes and Behaviours. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 111 ( 2 ) 2002. pp. 380-389 Kring A, Davison G, Neale J and Johnson S. Abnormal Psychology. 10ThursdayEdition. 2006 John Wiley and Sons. Lilenfeld L and Kay W. Genetic Studies of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa. In: Neurobiology in the Treatment of Eating Disorders Wijbrand Hoek H Treasure J Katzman M ( Eds. ) John Wiley and Sons. 1998. p. 169 Palmer R. Bulimia nervosa: 25 old ages on.The British Journal of Psychiatry.P. 185 2004pp. 447-448 Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P. Assessment of organic structure image in eating upsets with the organic structure dysmorphic upset scrutiny.Behav Res Ther, 1, 1995 pp. 77-84 Roth, A, Fonagy P, Woods R, Parry G and Target M. What Works For Whom? : a critical reappraisal of psychotherapeutics research.Guilford Press. 2005. pp. 236-7 Roth Ledley D, Marx B and Heimberg R. Making Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Work: Clinical Process for New Practitioners. Guilford imperativeness. 2005. p. 2. Russell J and Jarvis M. Angles on Applied Psychology. Nelson Thornes. 2003. pp.98,100 Simos G. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: A Guide for the Practicing Clinician. Psychology Press. 2002. p. 173. Smolak L, Striegel-Moore R and Levine M ( Eds. ) The developmental abnormal psychology of eating upsets: deductions for research, bar and intervention. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1996. p.73 Stansfield M. Introduction to Paradigms. Trafford. 2001 pp.3-5 Stice E. Risk and Maintenance Factors for Eating Pathology: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychological Bulletin. 128 ( 5 ) 2002. pp. 825-848 Stirling J and Hellewell J Psychopathology. Routledge 1999. p.1 Vrachnas J, Boyd K, Bagaric M and Dimopoulos P Migration And Refugee Law: Principles And Practices In Australia. Cambridge University Press. 2005. p. eleven. Yates A. Compulsive Exercise and the Eating Disorders: Toward an Integrated Theory of Activity. Psychology Press. 1991. p.74. Entire word count: 1756

Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right

Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right Introduction A human right according to the UN Organization (2010) refers to alienable rights if every human being which is inherent to them and upholds their dignity. Recognition of human rights is the foundation of peace, justice and freedom in the world. The declaration of human rights highlights the rights that every human being is entitled too despite the fact that in many instances people are not aware of these rights. Even in situations when people are aware of their rights, these rights can still be abused.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Freedom from poverty is embodied in many of the rights stipulated by the UN declaration of human rights (UN Organization, 2010). Several articles pertain to poverty directly while others address situations that affect poverty. This paper will examine various thoughts on poverty as a right especially basing its argument on the international declaration of human rights. This is the basis upon which freedom from poverty can be understood and supported. The arguments will show that freedom from poverty is a fundamental right. Enabling people to have means to live dignify lives and is therefore a human right since poverty prevents them from reaching this end. Freedom from poverty is a human right in as far as many who are poor have had so many of their rights taken away. As a consequence, they cannot rise above poverty. When freedom from poverty is addressed and treated as a human rights, other rights are respected as well. Poverty in the world is largely as a consequence of denial of human rights in various ways. In the words of Louise Arbour a UN high commissioner â€Å" freedom from want is a right, not merely a matter of compassion† (UN News center, 2006). According to the (UNDP (2005) a right to development entitles people to the right freedom from poverty. This is one o f the most efficient support for freedom from poverty as a right. The UNDP states that people have rights to the realization of â€Å" cultural, social and economic goals .working†¦ and life allowing the person to health and well being† (UNDP, 1998) Type of right While positive rights obligate action negative rights require holding back or curbing actions. The right of freedom from poverty can be compared to other negative rights like freedom from violent crime, freedom from abuse and torture among others. Although negative rights require inaction towards something they do not necessarily mean lack of action. They advocate and require action that will ensure that the undesired factor is avoided. In the case of freedom from poverty, it requires action that can guarantee people overcome poverty. These actions may be direct like setting up systems to increase development, or indirect by ensuring that activities that promote poverty are neutralized.Advertising Lookin g for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Arguments for Freedom from Poverty as a Right In 2006, Kofi Annan attributed failure to achieve human rights to deprivation (UN News Center, 2006). Those who are poorest in the world are the most likely to have their rights violated. Their right especially to decent living standards, essential health care and food remain undefended. Mr. Annan stated that unless the world recognizes that most of the population survives on less than a dollar per day there wouldn’t be any considerable progress made in ensuring human rights in the world. Louise Arbour stated that poverty is a product and cause of human rights violation. Freedom from poverty should therefore be treated as a right as only when eradication of poverty is attained can millions of families achieve other rights. Louise affirmed that the fight to end poverty is a duty for governments and other b odies in the same way that it is a duty to ensure other rights like those of speech and life among others (UN News Center, 2006). Fighting poverty should therefore not be viewed as a altruism or charity. Targeting poverty as a human rights violation is additionally a strategic and moral obligation. According to President Sheikha, the General Assembly president, when poverty is fought in order to uphold peoples dignity much more is gained in attaining other rights (UN News Center, 2006). As a result this should be greatly considered as one of the foundation of human rights. Poor people are not in a position to enjoy other rights. As a result they are easily discriminated against. In addition poverty creates a cycle of more poverty and more opportunities for the violations of human rights. Speth an administrator with UNDP stated that freedom from poverty has to be treated as a right since for the billions who are in poverty, it leads to deprivation in fundamental ways (Speth, 1997). S peth advocated for for eradication of poverty through a rights-based approach. The benefit of which includes avoidance of many other violation of rights and social ills. In this way eradication of poverty is also fundamentally functional (Speth, 1997). Poverty has been linked to many social and political problems. Speth states than only when poverty is taken as a right and properly addressed can many of the problems in poverty-stricken states. One of the implications of taking poverty as a right can allow legislature that address stumbling blocks to economic progress (Speth, 1998). One example that Speth gives is that states would be more open to empowerment of woman and end discrimination based on gender (Speth, 1997). Speth (1998) points out that it is through this approach that multiple rights aims can be attained using the same plans and principles. Poverty is often associated with pre-existing denial of rights. Lack of education for example interferes with other rights in the l ater part of peoples lives. It is therefore imperative to attend to other rights before poverty can be adequately handled. This reveals the nature of the interrelatedness of the whole boy of human rights and the need to address human rights in that context (Speth, 1997).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To argue for the right not to suffer from poverty, Caney (2007) states that human rights should be informed by human interest. Since it is a human interest to not suffer deprivation poverty should be taken as a violation of human rights. Further more poverty restricts people from following their interests and what they judge to be good (Caney, 2007). This can often be seen by the failure of the poor to attain good education, secure good jobs or even afford provisions for their families. These are things of interest to people of all races and c lasses. Poverty for example restricts the rights of children to education when their parents or governments cannot afford it. As a result poverty violates a basic human right. International bodies that are responsible for promoting human rights and social progress need to impress it upon the international community that poverty is at the heart of violation of most human rights (Speth, 1997). The international community therefore has the obligation to make international polices that take this into account and bring about the desired effects. It is the developed countries that are in a position to ensure fair decisions are made on international matters. They have more economic and political powers than the developing countries ridden with poverty that are not able to effectively advocate for their case (Speth, 1997). Implications of Freedom from Poverty as a Right One of the implications of treating freedom from poverty as a right is that people are entitled to resources and means tha t will get them out of poverty. This means that governments and other stakeholders have a responsibility to actively fight poverty, engage in poverty eradication measures and make sure they are implemented. For instance governments will be obligated to reduce unemployment. Unemployment is one of the leading causes of poverty in the developing world. Mismanagement of public funds, corruption and poor governance can be addressed in new light and offenders held to accountability. Through the international bodies of justice those who commit crimes against humanity are pursued and tried. In the same way those who are involved in practices that lead to poverty would be held accountable which would lead to lower rates of these cases in the developing world where poverty is prime.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When deliberate and serious practices that increase poverty are treated as crimes there can be hope that societies will be more careful. Crimes against humanity especially in the modern world are greatly reduced due to the work of the International Criminal Court (ICC). By extension abuse of human rights through such practices like mismanagement of public funds and corruption can be reduced at the threat of international and local prosecutions. According to Pogge (2005), poverty is the common denominator in most cases of violations of human right. Poverty has in most cases been confounded by government officials in developing countries liaising with leaders in the developed country to the detriment of the developing countries. According to Pogge (2005), poverty in developing countries lead to illiterate and stunted masses. These people are too involved in survival to give election of good government leaders time. They therefore get leaders who do not advocate for their interest. Pog ge (2005) advocates for the kind of measures that go beyond the interest of a country within its borders. This is because the systems in the world that have been set in motion have been unfavorable to poorer nations. Eradicating poverty is not a matter of charity but one of justice in which richer countries owe it to the world to try and regain a balance in power as well as decent life for all. Within the framework of socio economic human rights this end can be achieved (Pogge, 2005). According to (UNDP (2005), rights equate to obligation while violations of rights require remedial solutions. UNDP (2005) reports that in its Vienna meeting, there was obligation collectively given to the international community especially the developed countries with key emphasis on alleviation of foreign debt burden which the UNDP cited as imperative (UNDP, 2005). This obligation is additionally to be expressed in the form of support for development in the developing countries as well as economic rel ations that are equitable between different countries. The meeting also stressed need for creation of reasonable economic environments so that countries can have fair chances at global level. Another implication is that there would be distributive justice. Most of the wealth in many countries is concentrated on few number of people. Fighting poverty would entail ensuring that resources and goods are fairly and equitably distributed. Unjust ways in which wealth is accumulated by the cream of society would have to be eradicated. Unfair economies would be reevaluated and solutions found for systems that will ensure each society balances its wealth. In addition richer countries would be required to be more committed to fighting poverty in the developing countries. The fight is often left to charity and so far that has not been successful in making headways in eradicating poverty. An issue that is raised as an implication is the effect of transnational economies in increasing poverty. Ac cording to Meckled-Garcia (2009) transnational economies have been associated with poverty in developing countries raising the question as to whether they violate human rights. Meckled-Garcia (2009) states that although these transnational businesses do not set out to cause harm, they non the less operate in ways that might be deemed unfair, exploitive and manipulative. They often lead to unfair competition against which the economies of developing countries cannot compete (Meckled-Garcia, 2009). These economies are formulated in ways that offer the domestic sector advantages. To counter these arguments, economic policies aim to ensure that trade is promoted and that the basics of trade are followed. Naturally, business entities need to make profits, look for new markets and capitalize on cheaper labor and resources. In addition many parties are involved in making decisions and most of the outcomes are unintended by the participants to the trade agreements. However, Meckled-Garcia ( 2009) argues that although there is argument that the choices are not forced, in most cases struggling economies find it hard to refuse what is offered. Developing countries do not have the authority or power to bargain for better deals and often take deals that might not favor them in the long run. Making fair agreements and choices therefore becomes an issue not only of morality but also of justice (Meckled-Garcia, 2009). Only when freedom from poverty is treated as a right can there be systems put in place in economic circles to protect the poor. This is because trade agreements can be regulated by international bodies to ensure fairer agreements and transactions (Meckled-Garcia, 2009). In this way ethical choices ca be made since it is clear that decisions by subjects in one jurisdiction can have dire consequences on the jurisdiction of another country (Meckled-Garcia, 2009). According to Singer (1972), developed countries do now make nearly as much pledge or implementation towa rds ending poverty in the developing world. When reporting on the refugee situation in east Bengal India in 1971, he noted that countries which were in a position to contribute towards the country failed to do so. Instead they engaged in other developments (Singer, 1972). He reported that in total out of the country funds given amounted to 65,000,000 million pounds. At the same time Britain committed more than 275,000,000 million pounds to a transport project while Australia gave amounts about 8% of what it spent on an opera house. According to Singer (1972), this kind of response passes as long as countries take their aids as charity. However if it was part of their responsibility there would be more effort to increase foreign aid and eradicate poverty. However, this is one area in which there has been and still remains arguments against forcing developed countries to bear the financial burden of developing countries. The developed countries cite their own burdens. In addition have already contributed developing countries through aid, loans and grants for development projects. Handing out money does not strike them as the solution. Singer however uses arguments in his report to make a case for more responsibility. He argues that developed countries have a moral obligation to aid fight poverty in countries while doing so will not lead to a sacrifice of other things of moral importance (Singer, 1972). It is this international outlook and approach that will lead to enhancement of human rights. Caney (2007) states that according to the UNDP reports in 2000 more than a billion people have less than a dollar to live on daily. In addition over a billion lack clean drinking waters while about two and a half billion have no sanitation (Caney, 2007). These conditions exacerbate their health problems. Caney (2007) argues that if poverty makes it impossible for people to enjoy other rights like access to food, water and essential health care then poverty becomes a violat or of human rights and should be addressed by all stakeholders as such. Carey (2007) cites the burden that is tossed around in provision of negative rights. Avoiding poverty is a negative right and often times, there is much argument as to who should provide it (Caney, 2007). According to Caney (2007) there have been suggestions to place the responsibility on the national government, institutional schemes and lastly on any persons who are in a position to help. However all the three parties have a role to play in the eradication of poverty and owe the poor all the help that can be justly given. Carey states that the extreme poverty that is witnessed in the world is as a result of neglect of negative duties by those in a position to effect change. Negative duties in human rights are as binding as positive duties since they contribute to the overall aims of human rights (Caney, 2007). White and Perelman (2010) like Carey advocate for changes in the approaches used in addressing povert y eradication. They point out to the cultural transformation required in order to make concrete head ways in poverty eradication (White and Perelman, 2010). Unless cultural issues are addressed systems that embed poverty in society will continue to thrive. Additionally, there has to be a move for a reform in institutions and practical approach to social and economic rights advocacy (White and Perelman, 2010). These according to White and Perelman are some of the ways in which a rights approach would change social, political and economic grounds in poor nations. The people who are in most influential position are developed countries. Developed countries on the other hand have expressed resistance to shouldering the whole responsibility. Poor nations have a responsibility to sort out their economic, political and social problems. In many ways the developed countries have tried to give aid in various ways. However governments in the developing countries compromise their efforts. Oborne (2010) in an article states that there has been numerous questions about the real role that foreign aid plays in improving development. This has been further fueled by arguments that the effects of foreign are often unmeasurable (Oborne, 2010). How foreign aid is intended for use and how it is actually used are often different things. The experiences of developed countries with foreign aid has been negatively affected. In some cases foreign aid has even been associated with human rights abuse. This is because in many cases those who are in power use the funds to oppress their countrymen Oborne, 2010). Funds may often not create the intended effect since there are many factors that the international community cannot help. One instance of this is funding for education in poorer nations. While schools may be set up and resources given unless efforts are made to create jobs, the economic prospects of those who receive the education are not substantially improved. Drawing from the exper iences of British government aid in Ethiopia Oborne (2010) states that the much of the 300 million pounds sent from Britain towards developmental aid was used to sustain the government in power. The Human rights bodies often find abuse of foreign aid in countries as a result of improper management. Additionally, funds meant for foreign countries sometimes find their way into the pockets of people in the country of origin (Oborne, 2010). People who have no intentions of making developmental contributions to the developing countries can still set up NGOs. These organizations often have no solid regulations leaving then open to abuse and abuse of taxpayers money. It is for these reasons that developed countries are resistant to pressure to give aid towards developmental programs. Instead they advocate for deeper collaboration with developing countries. When the developing countries are involved and contribute to the solutions, there is more opportunity for success. This has been part o f the practice in addressing environmental issues. There have been arguments for developed countries to help developing countries reduce environmental pollution. According to White and Perelman (2010) this is one of the issues in tackling poverty in developing countries. Land has been a key issue in fighting poverty in Africa for example. There is need to maximize the use of land so as to maximize food production (White and Perelman, 2010). Conclusion Poverty is clearly a big issue that determines if other rights will be achieved. Poverty can be linked to violation of human rights as people and societies try to attain economic development. One of the most effective ways of eradicating poverty is by addressing it from a rights approach because in essence it is a right. This approach has the opportunity to not only secure favorable assistance from developed countries but will also make developing countries more responsible in eradicating poverty. 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